Examine The Export Led Growth Strategy Economics Essay

Examine The Export Led Growth Strategy Economics Essay Introduction This paper is focused to examine the export-led growth strategy. This is always believed that the developing countries can enhance their economy growth through the export promotion strategies. The economists such as Giles and Williams (1999) mentioned about export led growth which strategy have positive relationship between export and economy growth. There are number of factors are highlighted in literature review which are responsible most in the export led growth model. All factors are mentioned in this paper in detail. This strategy has been adopted by many developing countries and emerging countries to become out from recession. Some countries are successful to achieve their development goals but some are not. This paper research is based on secondary data research. The secondary data research provides wide range of data to analysis. For example Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) report says that the analysis is based on primary as well as secondary data, while the primary survey pr ovides limited information for the requisite analysis, the secondary database has been a major source of detailed firm- and plant-level analysis. The secondary database provided a rich source of plant-level data which has been used extensively in the analysis. The capitaline database provides data on more than 14,000 Indian listed and unlisted companies classified under more than 300 industries. The information used is based on FDI actually received (SEBASTIAN, N.J, 2010). In this report books, articles and journals used to examine the export-led growth and development policies of countries. The statics and data have collected from World Bank, Asian development bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports. The debate is not new, in past two decades number of studies analysed on exports and economy development. Past studies such as (Krueger, 1978; Chenery, 1979; Tyler, 1981; Kavoussi, 1984; Balassa, 1985; Ram, 1985, 1987; Chow, 1987; Fosu, 1990; and Salvatore and Hatcher, 1991) in the favour of export led growth and economy development, but other studies such as ( Jung and Marshal, hereafter referred as JM,1985; Kwan and Cotsomitis, 1990; Ahmad and Kwan, 1991; Dodaro, 1993; Oxley, 1993; Yaghmaian, 1994; and Ahmad and Harnhirum, hereafter referred as AH, 1995) argue against the economy development. While we are examining the export led growth model in the point of view economy growth, then we also need to focus on globalisation as well. There are many types of globalisation for example globalisation of culture, globalisation of economy and globalisation of society. According to the Walker en Fox (1992) (MOSTERT, J, 2003) the global integration of the financial markets can be seen as an example globalisation. Walker en Fox argues than the process of financial globalisation is the most important part of the process of globalisation. Globalisation is the most important part of economy, Brittan (1998:2) states that as a whirlwind of relentless and disruptive c hange which leaves governments helpless and leaves a trail of economic, social cultural and environmental problems in its wake (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The world is connecting to each other via new technology, via phones, via satellite etc. But before 50 years ago it was not much easier then today. For example today Asian countries got number of mobile users. The big telecom companies of UK such as Vodafone and O2 are already invested in India (south Asia). Baldwin and Martin (1999) mentioned that the innovations and advances in transportation, information and communications technologies (RAJAN, Graham Bird and Ramkishen S., 2001). This report is mainly examining the export led growth model in developing countries. This paper examines the south Asia part of world and chosen country is India. This report is structured as section 2 brings overview of globalisation and literature review of globalisation, section 3 highlighted the economic globalisation and in section 4 impact of globalisati on, in further section 5 is about the overview of developing economies, section 6 spells out export led growth model and literature review of export led growth model, section 7 presents the some recommendations on the basis empirical studies result, the section 8 will discussed about the export promotion strategies which are adopted by India and critical examine the strengths and weakness of these promotion strategies, in the final part of this report is section 9 summarizes the discussion and conclusion. Overview of Globalisation Globalisation is the modern way which is changing the world trade system and world politics. The globalisation is the way to reduces the barriers between two countries and interchange the goods, services, labour and capital. Globalisation is popular and cheapest way to reduce the transportation cost, communication cost. It is the faster way to communicate, lower trade barriers and to raise the capital flows. In the result of globalisation the developing economies becoming more close with the world. As per United Nations University, In the new era of growing integration of economies and societies, individuals and corporations reach around the world further, faster, and more economically than before (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). Literature review of Globalisation Globalization has its roots in the second-half of the eighteenth century. The period 1870-2000 is classified into (i) the first wave of globalization 1870-1913, (ii) the de-globalization period of 1913-50, (iii) the golden age of 1950-73, and (iv) the second wave of globalization from 1973 onwards (see ORourke and Williamson 2000; ORourke 2001; Maddison 2001; Williamson 2002; and World Bank 2002) (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). Globalisation is a term that has become very popular and used in many different contexts in the literature. Before the impact of globalisation on Africa can be evaluated it is crucial that the meaning of globalisation should be clarified. The definition of globalisation should also be distinguished from terms like internationalization, regionalization and liberalization (MOSTERT, J, 2003). Some claims that globalisation is the breakdown between countries border, economy and communities. Giddens (1999) has characterized as a runway world. For better or worse, he says, We are being propelled into a global order that no one fully understands, but which is making its effects felt upon all of us (HELD, David, 2000). But we look other definition of globalisation given by Guy Brainbant, he says the process of globalisation not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalisation of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and pollution (GOYAL, Krishn A, 2006). He also pointed out the negative aspects of globalisation as well. O Brien (1992:5) also links the definition of globalisation to geographical borders. OBrien distinguishes between national, international, offshore and global. National transactions take place between businesses in the same country (MOSTERT, J, 2003). In the end globalisation is related with exchange of service, goods or capital between countries. As Redding (1999:19) defines globalisation the increasing integration between the markets for goods, services and capital, Reddings definition also links globalisation to the breakdown of borders (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The Globalisation is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, and ways of living, cultures and patterns of governance (STREETEN, Paul, 1998). Economic globalisation The concept of globalisation is very broad. The different people have different views and definitions about globalisation. Some economists view globalisation as positive effects on the world economy and world trade but some says globalisation has negative effects as well (see Bhagwati, 2002) (BHAGWATI, J, 2002). Today as we see the cultural, political and technological globalisation is important but we cant ignore economic globalisation as well. Robinson (2001) mentioned that the fulcrum of the various definitions of globalization seems to be wealth or economic development, the parameters within which many schools of thought view globalization is usually based on trade or economic activity (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The debate about globalisation is the lack of a clearly agreed definition of the concept- the word globalisation exists with many interpretations- but a clear concept is often missing (HELD, David, 2000). But if we see in general definition of globalisation is that it is fr ee movement of goods, service, labour and capital across borders (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). As this concept is not new debate globalisation was started from 18th century and now it is in second phase. Whenever the economic crisis came in world for example after World War II or 1991 the countries started international trade. The motive behind this only is economic growth. In today competitive world every country wants to compete other and want to become a rich and powerful country of the world. For example China and India they opened their gate for trade with world and they are on the top in economy growth. However globalisation is not only economic globalisation or not only social or political or cultural globalisation, in other words globalisation is a multifaceted (Daouas, 2001; Obadan, 2001b and 2002b; IMF Staff, 2002; UNDP (Nigeria), 2001, etc) (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The economic globalisation is the central term concept of globalisation. International trade is participating in shrink the world. For example in UK or USA you can get easily Asian food or goods, the main exports are India and Pakistan. Brazil is the worlds no.1 coffee exports and Malaysia is the worlds no.1 AC (Air Conditioner) supplier. Another example is Multinational Companies become the main careers of the economic globalisation like McDonalds, KFC and some examples of merger of MNC such as Tata Motors (India) merger with Jaguar (UK) and Tata India merger with Bangladeshi company to make bicycle for exports to USA. In 1996, there were altogether only more than 44,000 MNCs in the whole world, which had 280,000 overseas subsidiaries and branch offices. In 1997, the volume of the trade of only the top 100 MNCs already came up to 1/3 of the worlds total and that between their parent companies and their subsidiaries took up another 1/3. In the US$ 3,000 billion balance of foreign direct investment at the end of 1996, MNCs owned over 80%. Furthermore, about 70% of international technological tr ansfers were conducted among MNCs (SHANGQUAN, GAO, 2000). The globalisation mostly viewed as context of economics but it include human rights and reduce the cost of transport, labour cost, communication cost. The main influence of globalisation on the world is to reduce the poverty. For example 30 years ago countries like India and China were very poor, but today these two countries have high purchasing power more than USA or any other developed country. Impact of Globalisation Globalization has accelerated growth in the region and contributed to poverty reduction (GHANI, Ejaz and Anand, Rahul, 2009). The impact of globalisation is different on developing and different on developed countries. Brittan (1998:8) indicated that globalisation led to an increase in the wealth of developed countries and also not to bigger poverty in the developing countries. As an example of the improvement in the developing countries Brittan referred to the improvement in the economic situation in the Asian countries (MOSTERT, J, 2003). But Hak-Min (1992:2) argued against the Brittan, he mentioned that the distribution of income between developed and developing countries has become less skewed by indicating that globalisation in the integrated world economy has lead to industrial growth in a limited number of developed countries. There are number of definitions of globalisation and thousands of critics as well in this world. In June 1996 at Communiquà © of the Lyon Summit of G7 the given the statement on the impact of globalisation, In an increasingly interdependent world, we must all recognize that we have an interest in spreading the benefits of economic growth as widely as possible and in diminishing the risk either of excluding individuals or groups in our own economies or excluding countries or regions from the benefits of globalisation (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). According to Killick (2000) a significant part of the world and a large numbers of countries are now effectively participating in the processes of integration and globalisation. In this regard globalisation may be thought of as the integration of economies through trade, capital flows and information technology (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). Frankel (2000:2) view globalisation as being one of the most powerful forces to have shaped the world economy during the past 50 years (LOOTS, ELSABE, 2001). In past two decades world economy is rapidly growing up. The world economy growth in 2010 is rose up as com pare to 2008-2009. According to CIA since 1946 economic crisis the gross world product grew by 4.6% on the bounced of exports (CIA, 2011). It will be continuing in 2011 and 2012 as well. According to IMF report expected economic growth at about 41/2 percent in both year (IMF, 2011). Amazingly the exports boost by 20% in 2010 from 2009. The above table shows about the largest economies of the world which GDP growth rate is very high and rapidly increasing. These five countries are world main exports, for example China in manufacturing, India for service and manpower, Taiwan in electronics, Brazil for coffee and transport equipment and South Korea is for semiconductors and wireless communication. (CIA, 2011) Largest Economies GDP (%) China +10.1 India +8.3 Taiwan +8.3 Brazil +7.5 South Korea +6.1 Table : Largest Economies GDP Among large economies, China (+10.1%), Taiwan (+8.3%), India (+8.3%), Brazil (+7.5%), and South Korea (+6.1%) recorded the biggest GDP gains-China also became the worlds largest exporter. Continuing uncertainties in mortgage and financial markets resulted in slower growth in Japan (+3.0%), the US (+2.8%), and the European Union (+1.7%), (CIA, 2011). The China and India has surprised the world by their economic growth. The China has gain economy by exports of manufacturing products. For example, Australia and China free trade agreement in 2002 (MAI, Dr Yinhua et al., 2005). Country like India is main manpower and service supplier for USA. India opened the trade gate after 1991 crisis. As per previous studies of impact of globalisation is the key event in world economy. According to Akin and Kose, during this gradual process, several emerging countries have gained in economic importance and have begun to influence economic developments in other countries (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, I IKKA, 2009). China is one of the most important exporting and importing nations worldwide. India seems to be following the development path of China more recently (see winter and Yusuf, 2007, and Yusuf et al., 2007), although India concentrates more on services than does manufacturing-oriented China (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, IIKKA, 2009). From last empirical studies and data statics we got the result that globalisation has participated a lot to boost up international trade. The international trade is the fast way to boost up economy and cash flows. The countries always implement new policies and international trade policies such as free trade and export led growth. Developing countries main focus is export led growth. The researchers mentioned that export led growth as hypothesis which gives country to achieve their development goals. Before we go further first need to know what is export led growth model. After that this report will focus on a one of developing country which is already focusing on this model and gained their economy up. The chosen country is India and India is developing country and situated in south Asia. The crisis came in 1991 India was affected most in the world. After the crisis India opened their trade gates and implements some new export promotion programmes. From the time period till now India is almost successful to achieve their goals. To get better understanding on India and these export promotions discussed later in this paper. This report will also examine the strengths and weakness of programmes which India set to achieve their development goals. On the basis of past empirical studies and research this paper will suggest some possible recommendations. Further start with export led growth, on the basis of past empirical studies we will try to find the definition of this model and also will focus on to find the relationship of export led growth and international trade. Overview of Developing Economies The World Bank has divided the world economies in three parts. First is developed economies means which countrys economy is high , second is developing countries which countrys economies is growing up and last one is least developed country which means poor countries. The developing world described as Africa, Asia and Latin America as compared to industrialized world such as Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America and Japan (NAYYAR, Deepak, 2009). The division of world economies concept came in 19th century. While the world economy was increasing up in 19th century then the second phase of globalisation was started. We already discussed above about the globalisation and impact of globalisation on world economy. The developing country such as China is the important source for the world economy. China is following by India and there are more country will be in count in further time. China and India average growth rate surprised world economy. Today almost big countries are tradin g with china. China main export is manufacturing products and India is service. Why Country Do Export In general way export is the growth engine. There are lot of benefits are involved with international trade. The main reason for trade is comparative advantage. According to Feder (1982) exports helps economy in many ways such as greater capacity utilization, economies of scale, incentives for technological improvement and pressure of foreign competition, leading to more efficient management (IBRAHIM, Izani, 2002). Due to globalisation every country wants to become on peak. For example Brazil produces coffee most in the world and India is best in natural resources and tea. Iran and Iraq has lot oil to export to world. These country exports their products on high price unless they sell their product on domestic demand. According to Monir Tayeb (2000) countries do export because they presumed to supply foreign markets because it is profitable for them to do so (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). He also mentioned that countries also interested to do Inter-industry trade (IIT); this is one type of international trade which is mentioned by Monir Tayeb (2000). The definition of IIT is that when a country tends to export one good and import a wholly different type of good. For example UK exports whiskey and imports the Brandy. Italy exports the wine to Germany and at the same time that it also imports German wines. In other way Inter-Industry trade occurs when two countries exchange different varieties of essentially the same type of good (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The question is what another benefits are involve with export? The different countries have different requirements for example in poor countries they export for economic growth and developing countries interested to do with both benefits development of their countries and comparative advantage. The developed country like USA has massive production of goods and electronic products so they do export to become more beneficial. But the most important is involved with export is government policies. How country export and wh at is the barriers for trade this is always decided by their governments. As per theoretical studies we will talk about the possible benefits which are involved with exports. So first is the comparative advantage second is economic growth and third is the development of country. First start with comparative advantage: Comparative Advantage: The British economist David Ricardo (1817) invented the theory of comparative advantage. The basic concept of advantage theory was written by Adam Smith in 1766 he set brought the theory of absolute advantage. He argued that countries would tend to specialise in international trade and in particular, that they would export goods they produced more cheaply than their trading partners and import goods they produced more expensively (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The above table is giving the simple hypothetical example of absolute advantage. Country Whisky (Cost per unit) Brandy (Cost per unit) United Kingdom  £7.00  £8.50 France  £8.50  £7.00 Source: Monir Tayeb (2000) In the example the UK whiskey is cheaper than France and the France Brandy is more cheaply then UK, because the consumer purchase France brandy from British sources and British consumers also do same they purchase from French suppliers. The key features of international trade are specialisation and exchange. Both countries are specialising in production of goods and they are exchanging their products to get benefit from absolute advantage. This concept simply says that it is good for both nations. This is good for world economy as well. Both countries who has good production of products and they can exchange their product on free trade agreement they will be beneficial both of them because they establishing their international market. This is also good for people because they are getting products on less money. Ricardo theory is based on physical and natural influences over competitiveness, technological and human factors which were given by shortly economists. The most effective mod el of comparative advantage was Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem. This model originally developed by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and today as Heckscher-Ohlin comparative model. This model assumption is about capital and labour. For example Japan makes the robots to assemble the cars and other motors. The key thing is the labour is costly than compared to Japan. For example India total export in 2010 was $201 billion and total import was $327 billion in the world it shows India import goods more than export. This country is exchanging their products such as petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel. The main exports partners are UAE 12.87%, US 12.59%, China 5.59%. The other thing is very important to notice is the role of government policies and financial institutions to get better advantage of comparative advantage. The studies for example Memedovic (1994) included the type of state (class base, administrative capacity and mode o f intervention) and argued that the help of the government can bring about changes in comparative advantage (SIEGFRIED BENDER, Kui-Wai Li, 2002). This is true the country do export because they have advantage of cheap labour. For example USA multinational companies have number of call centres in India. The USA average employee wages per hour is $18.00 to $22.00 per hour. But in India they are getting employee on $111 per month. India is the number one service exporter for USA. The below example is also of comparative advantage. Example: Comparative Advantage Lets quantify comparative advantage with an imaginary example. Suppose an acre of land in Canada can produce either 1 unit of wheat or 2 units of corn.3 And suppose an acre in the U.S. can produce either 3 units of wheat or 4 units of corn. The U.S. then has absolute advantage in both wheat (3 units vs. 1) and corn (4 units vs. 2). But we are twice as productive in corn and thrice as productive in wheat, so we have comparative advantage in wheat. Source: (FLETHER, Ian, 2010) The other model of comparative advantage named the specific factors theory is associated with Jones (1971). This model is only based on one factor is labour. But the H-O model considered two factors labour and capital. The below table is example of H-O comparative advantage model: Country Man-Made Fabric actual cost Opportunity Cost Cotton fabric actual cost Opportunity cost UK  £300 0.92  £325 1.08 Turkey 4500 TL 1.06 4250 TL 0.94 Source: Hecksher-Ohlin comparative advantage p.17 (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000) The above example is showing the labour cost difference between UK and Turkey. So this is also comparative advantage for the countries. Porter (1990) mentioned some competitive advantages in his study. The above are the advantages which Porter (1990) mentioned: The availability of skilled labour Locally available technology and know how Access to suppliers of key inputs Market proximity The local cost of inputs Vernons (1966) product life cycle theory is also important in trade. He determined that every product has life cycle, once product has launched it is in introduction stage, once product people used and the product become popular on domestic level. In short time the product start export to world. In the end we can say if country is interested to do export because of comparative advantage and economy growth as well. Export Led Growth In past decades there are many empirical studies has been analysed on export-led growth and world economy. The main topic for these studies was to examine the relation between exports and economic growth for example Giles and Williams (2000). Most of studies were focus on exports and GDP, but some other studies such as Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2001), Hacker and Hatemi-J (2003) and Bernard and Jensen (2004) focused on the exports and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. While these studies were focusing on Exports and GDP or TFT but studies such as Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1989) were purposed the theory of Big Push industrialization1. Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny (1989) said that simultaneous industrialization of many sectors can be self-sustaining and profitable even if no sector can break even when investing alone.2 After the crisis of 1991 many Asian countries were under the recession time but countries like Thailand, Malaysia found the external way to overcome recession time . According to Felipe (2003) Since the East Asian financial crisis erupted in 1997, countries in the Asian and Pacific region have been immersed in a search exercise to identify what policies led to the crisis and recession, and what alternative set of policies would lead them back to a path of sustained and higher growth rates. The Asian countries were trying to rebalance their economy and GDP, for example Jomo (1998), Seguina (2000), Lim (2004) said that The majority view has been that the crisis was the consequence of a fundamental flaw in precrisis financial policies, which led to currency overvaluation, over borrowing, and over lending for the domestic economy; and speculative bubbles that eventually burst. The Thai government development policy was based on dual track strategy (Lian 2004). Relationships between Export and Economic Growth (Literature Review) This debate is controversy and number of empirical studies done already. Some authors suggested that open economy has positive effects on growth more than close economies (Sachs and Warner, 1995; Edwards, 1992, 1993, 1998; Srinivasan and Bhagwati, 1999; Krueger, 1997; Ben-David and Kimhi, 2000) (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Empirical evidence from developing countries support studies such as Taylor, 1993; McCombie and Thirlwall, 1999; Blecker, 1999b; Helleiner, 1996; UNCTAD, 1995 (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Trade is the key concept for the countries to grow. For example countries like Malaysia, China, India and Brazil they all are got benefits from trade. The countries do export for comparative advantage. For example Brazil is number one coffee production country and world main coffee exporter as well. The trade is the only way to right use of economys resources by imports of goods and service otherwise they have to sell at home with high resources cost. For example Ricardian m odel says that the welfare gains if any country specializes in producing goods in which it has a comparative advantage (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). The Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) model, on the other hand, shows the welfare gains, In the two-country model that each country specializes based on their factor endowments. The result of these models is that international trade is the way to achieve the international competitiveness and static productivity. International trade enable to countries reduce the transportation cost, production cost and reduce the labour cost in case of developing countries. Beck (2002) mentioned that Financial development and international trade are identified as macroeconomic variables as being highly correlated with economic growth performance across countries in the empirical growth literature (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). The other example of empirical study of economic growth is Calderon and Liu (2003) says that the relationship between financial development and economic growth has now well recognized in the literature that financial development is crucial for economic growth and Chang (2002) mentioned that it is a necessary condition for achieving a high rate of economic growth (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade has a strong positive relationship with economic growth (Mazur and Alexander, 2001) (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade allows countries to set a large market for their domestic products. The two studies Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) about the effects of trade on income are based on two grounds First, incessant decrease in the international price of raw materials and primary commodities would lead, without industrialization in developing countries, to more profound differences between developed and developing countries. Second, for their Industrialization, developing economies require short or medium term protection of their infant industries. Furthermore, the structure of trade, under which exports are conc entrated on a few primary products and imports are constituted mostly by manufactured goods, renders developing countries overly dependent and vulnerable (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). The others author such as Levine and Renelt (1992) and Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999) emphasize on trade effects on economic growth. There are most studies done in the favour of trade effects on growth but there are some studies which are contradicted with these studies. For example Rodrik [1995] argues that in most studies of openness and growth, indicators used inappropriately reflect the trade regime (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). Edwards (1997) tests, for a data set of 93 countries, the robustness of the impact of trade on growth by introducing first alternatively and then simultaneously nine measures of openness. He said that each proxy for openness is correlated positively with economic growth and the composite index from those proxies also enters with a positive coefficient in the growth regression. Krueger (1978) study tested two hypotheses which has positive effects of openness on growth, first is more liberalized regimes result in higher rates of growth of exports, and second is a more liberalized trade sector has a positive effect on aggregate growth. Feder (1982) he analysed the set of 31 semi-industrialized count

The International Baccalaureate Program Education Essay

Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the International Baccalaureate Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of International Baccalaureate CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, composing an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is a 2 twelvemonth educational plan. It is created for the pupils aged 16 – 19, and it provides an internationally recognized making for entry into higher instruction. This programme is besides recognized by universities around the universe. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is administered by the International Baccalaureate and it is taught in one of three linguistic communications – English, Gallic or Spanish. If pupils want to take part in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, pupils must go to International Baccalaureate School. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme pupils complete appraisal in six topics. Although the International Baccalaureate encourages pupils to prosecute the full sheepskin, International Baccalaureate significant load requires a batch of committednesss and enterprises, If they want to but pupils may take to register one or more separate entities International Baccalaure ate without basic demands. Such pupils will non have the full sheepskin. The International Baccalaureate plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have International Baccalaureate Diploma or Certificate. Contentss page Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Body 6 Decision 12 Mentions and bibliography 14 Introduction Educational Program International Baccalaureate ( International Baccalaureate ) was founded in Switzerland in the late 60-ies as a cosmopolitan school plan with a common course of study that would let schools in one state to see instruction received in another state, tantamount to the national.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S.A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments needed in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work skills.A Through this attack, the pupils increased motive and involvement in cognition, and therefore performance.A The IB plan is designed for two years.A The specific course of study may change from school to school, but in general is as follows.A Education is one of the three working linguistic communications of the IB: English, Gallic or Spanish ( but may be learning their native linguistic communication, native and universe literature in the national linguistic communication ) .A The footing of the plan – the survey of six topics that a pupil chooses.A Subjects of the plan are taught at two degrees: â€Å" advanced † ( Higher degree ) and â€Å" standard † ( Standard degree ) .A The first involves the scrutiny of subject in the sum of 240 preparation hours, the 2nd – 150 hours.A In the â€Å" advanced † degree study three or four topics, as a regulation necessary for him to acquire into college. The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, to compose an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and trial of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. The Extended Essay gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his specific involvement. IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the IB International Baccalaureate which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A International Baccalaureate plan can be an attractive option to A-level plan for academically gifted pupils who are looking for a more complete, complex and interesting curriculum.A It includes linguistic communications, mathematics, humanistic disciplines and natural scientific disciplines, originative things. Students perform supervisory work in the procedure of acquisition, and at the terminal of the program.A These trial documents are checked by testers of IB plans around the universe. Grades for each category ranged from 1 to 7.A Students who have received a sum of 24 to 45 points, are entitled to have IB Diploma.A The programme is hard and interesting for both pupils and instructors. This complex and interesting plan requires the full committedness of motivated pupils and teachers.A Schools are required to continuously re-evaluation and betterment, utilizing the criterions and guidelines used by all IB schools in the world.A Besides, pupils must go through strong comprehensive classs: A Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) – â€Å" The Theory of Knowledge † .A This class of philosophical program, a kind of theory of research, methods and theoretical accounts of comprehension of the new.A In short, these lessons are taught to larn and non afraid to reason in the hunt for truth, here gives a base for learning.A The class besides teaches pupils to compose an essay to reason his point of position, to give definitions and formulate hypotheses, intelligently discuss.A Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) – â€Å" Creativity, action, service † .A Creativity may include release of the school newspaper, composing a book for the Christmas tree, etc.A Action – is a athletics, dancing – in short, all the nomadic activities.A Serving the community – is any activity aimed to assist the disadvantaged, protecting the environment etc.A – From kids ‘s places to assist in the building of the church.A Participating in theatre, athleticss, societal work contributed to the fact that non merely uncover their endowments, but besides develop of import qualities such as heed, caring about others and ability to work in a team.A By the terminal of the plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A One major difference between the plan IB – is first and foremost, the attack to the survey of the subject.A Typically, in IB plan used different methods of analysis, accent on composing research documents and an independent experimental activities of students.A To acquire the Diploma Programme International Baccalaureate, a pupil must finish the plan and carry throughing all demands: base on balls an scrutiny in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and in three topics at standard degree ) , write the Extended Essay, and two ofA on Theory of Knowledge, work out at least 150 hours on the plan Creativity, Action, Service completed and all undertakings and mini-projects.A Each twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the IB. The Extended Essay besides gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his ain involvement. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Teachers IB plans are invariably subjected to analysis and seek to better their instruction process.A The instructors are IB World schools have entree to the preparation centre on the Internet. The Center provides certification on the plan, illustrations of pupil work, and besides serves as an international centre of communicating for instructors program.A They may confer with with other instructors in IB schools around the universe and put their ain development as illustrations for other instructors. Capable Area -the essay capable country is chosen by the pupil. These topics are: English/Literature History Politicss Biology Mathematics Psychology Chemistry Music Theater Arts Economicss Peace & A ; Conflict Studies Visual Humanistic disciplines Environmental Systems Philosophy World Religions Geography Physicss An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. This is a really interesting experience, because the subjects pupils are composing are of their involvement and it is ever a joy to make what you like and to speak about what is interesting for a individual. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the full IB Diploma will utilize the drawn-out essay or undertaking in the CAS as their undertaking seminar senior students SSE. Most pupils IB plan participate in assorted Sessionss during school hours, in the early phases of recognizing the importance of precedences which are set and non detaining instances until subsequently. Upon completion of the plan, pupils will get: ability to believe international classs, finely honed accomplishments of critical thought, assurance in all their academic enterprises. Besides, pupils will larn: conducting independent research, composing essays for college degree, critical analysis of information, taking the context of reading, rules of effectual acquisition, readying of the balanced agenda. And pupils frequently receive: penchant for admittance to college, loans for College, admittance to the plan increased, preparation, scholarships. All Advanced Features external rating experts IBO.A There are general standards for rating. And it is used to find the essay score.A The chief standards relate to general facets of the essays, such as letters, usage of the informations and general idea.A Subject standards are concerned about how to take the subject direction in the context of chosen subject in the essay.A Official guidelines for essays will be given to a pupil, when the subject of an essay will non be completed. The classs of the mark of the essay: A first-class B good C satisfactory D mediocre E simple By the terminal of the International Baccalaureate plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A Every twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the International Baccalaureate Diploma.A For diploma International Baccalaureate a pupil should: A -successfully pass the tests in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and three -subjects at standard degree ) ; A -write â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) A ; -write two documents on the Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) A ; -work out at least 150 hours of plan Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) A ; -complete all undertakings and mini-projects. Theory of Knowledge class gives pupils a possibility to make and believe about cognition, to believe about larning in all topics they learn in the class of Diploma Programme, and to set up links between academic fields.A Advanced essay, much of the missive to 4000 words, and it enables pupils to research subjects of their specific involvement, which they can choose.A It helps pupils to utilize their creativeness and thoughts, every bit good as imaginativeness and besides to develop accomplishments of independent research, which should be at the university. Diploma Programme aims to develop pupils ‘ cognition and accomplishments and besides they will necessitate to execute undertakings IBO, as outlined in the statement of the organisation ‘s mission and pupil profile. Teaching and acquisition in the Diploma Programme aid to show world in the mundane pattern of educational doctrine of the organisation. Extended essays in the doctrine give pupils the chance to look into the philosophical subjects of particular interest.A The pupil is invited to come in into serious, personal ideas, develop and learn in a disciplined and originative manner specific philosophical questions.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category, current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the student.A It is bounded that the subject should be chosen so that it can be considered carefully.A For illustration, in May, it is preferred to take as a starting point, specific hypotheses, instead than general, some of the thoughts of a philosopher, non a few, or one text, the philosopher, but non all of his or her work. Counter-claims and expostulations must be provided, to see and, if possible, refuted.A Although it is inappropriate to be avoided, the wider deductions of philosophical inquiries should research the appropriate grade and consciousness must be clear links between these issues and more planetary jobs of human life. Of peculiar note is the flexibleness of the program.A Every three old ages, amended.A On bettering the classs are invariably working profile commissions of teachers.A Thus, International Baccalaureate – a various plan that combines the really best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college. However, the International Baccalaureate sheepskin receive merely those on the test in the sum scored at least 24 points ( scrutinies – 6, the highest mark – 7, the lowest – 1, 3 more points available for the thesis, and engagement in the competition CAS ) .A Cope with this undertaking is non all: for the universe statistics, around 30 % of pupils who completed the class, remain without a diploma.A International Baccalaureate sheepskin is extremely valued for their objectiveness, because in add-on to internal rating, which exposes the school instructors, the pupil receives and external appraisal, which exhibited abroad tester One trial centre in the UK International Baccalaureate – a cosmopolitan plan, which incorporated all the mostA the best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college.DecisionEducation and life of the twenty-first Centu ry in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and creatively, to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program ( IB ) , and it is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A And besides they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . Extended essays in the doctrine ever give pupils an chance to look into the philosophical subjects of their interest.A Students are invited to believe creatively, develop and larn in a disciplined and originative manner of specific philosophical inquiry, it is appropriate to this issue and come to a clear conclusion.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category to current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the pupil. To go an International Baccalaureate, an educational establishment has to get down application procedure. Besides, during that period instructors have preparations in the International Baccalaureate. After application procedure, International Baccalaureate there is authorization.A Equally shortly as school is authorized to offer the International Baccalaureate, so one-year fee gives the warrant to expose the International Baccalaureate logo, entree to Online Curriculum Centre, support from the International Baccalaureate and besides entree to International Baccalaureate Information System.A Online Curriculum Centre besides provides information, resources and support for International Baccalaureate coordinators and instructors. International Baccalaureate Information System is a database, used by International Baccalaureate coordinators.A IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the International Baccalaureate, which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S..A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments, really utile in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work accomplishments.

Factors Affecting Cognitive Decision Making - 1906 Words

Introduction Decision making is an important area of study in psychology, because it ultimately affects behavior, as is demonstrated in studies discussing gambling and risky decisions. The research on factors affecting decision making is crucial, not just for the overall advancement of psychology, but because it has strong application value. It can be used for helping certain individuals make better decisions in important or stressful situations, and to decrease risky behavior overall. Decision making is affected by a variety of factors. Gender seems to have the strongest effect on decisions regarding impulsivity, as is shown in studies using the Iowa Gambling task (e.g. Dretsch and Tipples, 2011). Gender differences are also present when†¦show more content†¦Stress was induced by using a cold pressor task where participants must keep a hand in water and ice for as long as they can. The control group put a hand into warm water (Lighthall et al., 2012). Under the fMRI, the participants completed a BART decision task which involved rewards proportionate with decided risk (Lighthall et al., 2012). The results indicated a significant difference between males and females in the stress induced condition the overall amount of rewards collected from the BART task, and the speed in which decisions were made. Males under stress made faster decisions than females and earned more rewards as well (Lighthall et al., 2012). The fMRI images also showed gendered difference s. Under stress, males had increased activation in the dorsal striatum and anterior insula, whereas the females showed a decrease in activation (Lighthall et al., 2012). These results are particularly important because they show how stress can be a clear hindrance to female decision making, and therefore should be avoided when possible to improve decision making capabilities. Self Control A 2013 study by Kool, McGuire, Wang, and Botvinick investigates the connection between self-control and decision making, and the role of executive functioning on this connection. The researchers used intertemporal choice (ICT) tasks, demand selection (DST) tasks, and a Self-Control Scale, questionnaire. The ITC tasks have participants make decisions about whether they would prefer aShow MoreRelatedCognitive Process And Consumer Behavior And Purchasing Choices1746 Words   |  7 PagesJOANNA HESKETH A RESEARCH ON COGNITIVE PROCESS RELATED TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING CHOICES By ADEOLA SAINT MATTHEW DANIEL (576870851) ‘This research project observes the Vancouver Island University code of conduct’ TABLE OF CONTENT CONCEPT OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 COGNITIVE PROCESS ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 COGNITIVE ACCURACY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 COMPONENTS OF COGNITIVE ACCURACY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4, 5 FACTORS AFFECTING PURCHASING DECISIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 CONTROLLING LEARNINGRead MoreBiological Factors Affecting Decision Making Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBiological Factors affecting decision we made. 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The ages used in the groups were very parallel, the felons mean age was 17.06 and theRead MoreMany victims of serious car accidents survived with impaired ph ysical functions. Hong Kong record a800 Words   |  4 Pagesneurologic recovery by hospital discharge2. There are seven factors affecting patients coping with SCI: personal resources, health-related factors, social physical context, cognitive appraisal, adaptive tasks, copping skills and health-related outcomes3. I. Personal resources These include self-efficacy (SE), self-esteem, sense of coherence (SOC), spirituality, optimism, intellect and other personality characteristics3,4. These factors are associated with positive coping, and are determinants of

Comparing Jez Butterworth s 2009 Traditional Three Act

Jez Butterworth s 2009 traditional three-act play â€Å"Jerusalem† is composed of both comedic and tragic elements. Through what initially seems a play with â€Å"hilarious comedic routines† at the beginning, as it progresses, Butterworth inter winds â€Å"darker undertones†, such as sexual abuse and underage drinking. By the end of act 3, the audience is faced with an inconclusive ending which we can only assume is Johnny s suicide, showing that the play can no longer be just a comedy. As Charles Spencer writing for the Daily Telegraph in 2009 said, â€Å"You are never quite sure whether you are watching a rambunctious comedy or a terrible tragedy in the making.† The main plot itself, Johnny fighting to keep possession of his land can be mirrored to reflect the destruction of rural life, and the rising power of modern life. The sub-plot of the play, Phaedra and the abuse she receives from her step-father Troy, also reflects modern day issues, and the hars h reality of the world we live in. It can be said that the play veers more towards being a sub-genre of comedy, a tragicomedy , rather than just a straight-forward comedy. There are many ways in which Jerusalem fits into the conventions of being a dramatic comedy. One way in which Butterworth does this is through the genre. Farce is used heavily in Jerusalem, with many exaggerated situations, such as all of Johnny s eccentric stories, like how he was conceived, and when he met a giant. For example, when Johnny says â€Å"All Byram boys are